
Catecholamines are important signaling molecules involved in normal physiological processes, and changes in their plasma concentrations are closely associated with various pathological conditions. Elevated plasma catecholamine levels may cause episodic or sustained hypertension and are frequently accompanied by intermittent episodes of palpitations, arrhythmia, headache, sweating, pallor, anxiety, tremor, and nausea.
Catecholamine secretion is intermittent, whereas their metabolites are released continuously. Therefore, plasma metanephrine (MN) and normetanephrine (NMN) are the preferred biomarkers for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). Patients with MN and NMN levels exceeding the upper reference limit by 3–4 times can be diagnosed with a high degree of confidence, while mildly elevated results can be further evaluated by measuring epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) for auxiliary diagnosis.

